Solvency and Repayment Capacity Issues Facing the Swine Farmer
Peter R. Scheffert of Riverland Community College looks at solvency and repayment capacity measures suggested by the Farm Financial Standards Task Force in a recent Pork Information Gateway factsheet.Introduction
There are many ways of evaluating a business and making financial decisions for the business. Historically
in agriculture, that has varied by the enterprises you have, the lender you work with and the part of the
country you live in. These variations made it hard to compare apples to apples and maintain consistency
across regions and enterprises.
That was one of the main reasons that the Farm Financial Standards Task Force (FFSTF) was formed. FFSTF has since developed a set of guidelines to make it easier to evaluate a business consistently and make financial decisions based on that evaluation.
In this factsheet, the author looks at solvency and repayment capacity measures suggested by the FFSTF – in particular, what do they mean and how can I use them to make decisions on my farm? They are very
helpful as we look at the strength of a farm’s financial position and its ability to make large financial purchases.
There are many things we may want for our farm but can we really afford them?
Objectives
- Define what ‘solvency’ and ‘repayment capacity’ mean.
- Identify the components of solvency and repayment capacity ratios.
- Determine solvency and repayment capacity ratios for a sample farm and your farm.
- Identify strong and weak solvency and repayment capacity ratios.
- Understand how solvency and repayment capacity ratios can be used to make a purchasing decision.
Solvency
Solvency is important in evaluating the risk position of the farm and in considering future borrowing
capacity. It is the ability of the business to pay all its debts if it sold out. If the total value of all assets is
more than all debts, the farm is said to be solvent. If the sale would not generate enough cash to pay off
all debts, the farm is insolvent.
Solvency includes three ratios; debt to assets, equity to assets and debt to
equity. These ratios can help evaluate and communicate how much the producer has invested in the business
and how much the lender has invested in the business.
Farm Debt to Asset Ratio
This ratio measures the financial position or solvency of the farm by comparing the farm liabilities (debts)
to farm assets. It measures the portion of the farm assets that have debt against them. In other words, it
expresses what proportion of total farm assets is owed to creditors. It is one way to express the risk exposure of the farm business. A higher ration is generally considered to be an indicator of greater financial
risk and lower borrower capacity.
A reasonable standard for the ratio varies from one type of enterprise
to another and from farmer to farmer. However, anything less then 40 per cent is considered good, between 40
and 75 per cent is a caution area and above 75 per cent is a danger area.
Farm debt to asset ratio is calculated as follows:
(Total Ending Farm Liabilities ÷ Total Ending Farm Assets) × 100 =
Farm Debt to Asset Ratio (as a %)
Sample Inputs: ($596,335 ÷ $1,087,914) × 100 = 54.81%
Farm Equity to Asset Ratio
The next ratio, farm equity to asset ratio is algebraically related to the farm debt to asset ratio. It looks
at the solvency area of the farm business in a slightly different way.
The farm equity to asset ratio measures
the farm equity (net worth) relative to the value of the farm assets. It measures the proportion of the
farm assets financed by the owner’s equity whereas the debt to asset ratio measured the proportion of
farm assets financed by debt.
When added together, these two measures always add up to 100 per cent because
they describe how total farm assets are financed. The higher the percentage for the farm equity to asset ratio,
the more total capital supplied by the owner and the less by the creditor.
A reasonable standard for the
ratio varies from one type of enterprise to another and from farmer to farmer. However, anything greater
then 70 per cent is considered good, between 70 and 40 per cent is a caution area and below 40 per cent is a danger area.
Farm equity to asset ratio is calculated as follows:
(Total Ending Farm Equity ÷ Total Ending Farm Assets) × 100 =
Farm Equity to Asset Ratio (as a %)
Sample Inputs: ($491,579 ÷ 1,087,914) × 100 = 45.19% Farm Equity Asset Ratio
Farm Debt to Equity Ratio
The farm debt to equity ratio measures the amount of farm debt relative to the amount of farm equity. It
measures the amount of debt the farm has for every dollar of equity (net worth) the farm has.
This ratio is also referred to as the leverage ratio. Leverage refers to increasing the use of debt relative to
equity as a means of financing the business. The higher the farm debt to equity ratio or “leverage ratio”,
the more total capital supplied by the creditors and less by the business. Lenders are particularly interested
in this ratio because it shows the proportion of risk they are taking in comparison to the owner. Many
lenders prefer the farm debt to equity ratio to be less than 1.0 (100 per cent), with requirements varying depending
on whether the liabilities are secured by current, or long-term assets.
In general, the greater the loan risk and longer the terms, a lower ratio is desired by the lender.
Farm Debt to Equity Ratio is calculated as follows:
Total Ending Farm Liabilities ÷ Total Ending Farm Equity × 100 =
Farm Debt to Equity Ratio (as a %)
Sample Inputs: ($596,335 ÷ $491,579) × 100 = 121.31% (as a %)
There are a couple of areas to watch out for as you look at the solvency ratios.
- How you value your assets can make a difference. If they are valued high, you may have a
greater sense of comfort than you should. On the other hand, if assets are valued very low, you may not
be as bad off as you think.
- To give a true picture of risk, you should also add in deferred taxes as a liability. These are the taxes you would have to pay if you got out of business immediately.
- All three ratios are very helpful as a comparison from year to year on the same farm. It will help to see if the farm is decreasing its risk exposure as it continues to do business. A comparison between farms in the same year is harder as all farms have a different mix of enterprises, length of time in business and managerial skill.
Repayment Capacity
Repayment capacity measures provide insight into your ability to generate enough funds to make debt
payments on intermediate and long term loans, i.e. loans for longer than one year, and to replace capital assets.
If used alone, these measures only provide a snapshot of the businesses ability to perform. It is better
when they are used along with a cash flow analysis to be certain that the business is able to meet it financial
obligations over a longer period of time. The two financial measures relevant to repayment capacity
are term debt and lease coverage ratio and capital replacement and term debt repayment margin.
Term Debt and Capital Lease Coverage Ratio
The term ‘debt and capital lease coverage ratio’ measures the ability of the business to cover all term debt
and capital lease payments over a period of time.
A number less than 100 per cent indicates that the business
is not generating sufficient income to meet all of the term debt and capital lease payments. A number
greater than 100 indicates the business is generating sufficient income to pay all term debt and capital
lease obligations with some surplus margin remaining.
A few things to remember:
- Even though the business may generate sufficient earnings (after matching revenues with the
expenses incurred to create those revenues) to cover all term debt and capital lease payments,
there may not be sufficient cash generated to actually make the payments on a timely basis.
The liquidation or build-up of inventories can make the interpretation of the ratio incorrect in
the short run.
- If the repayment schedules for large amounts of term debt have interest only periods in the
early years of amortization – frequently one to three years for the major construction of new
production facilities – the principal payments for term debt may be understated.
- If revenues are not matched with the expenses incurred to create the revenues, the ratio may
be greatly overstated or understated.
- The stability of non-farm income can affect the reliability of this ratio for future planning.
Sample | My Farm | ||
---|---|---|---|
Net Farm Income from Operations | $53,566 | ||
Miscellaneous Non-Farm Income | + | $150 | |
Off Farm Employment Income | + | $16,500 | |
Depreciation | + | $42,003 | |
Interest on Term Debt | + | $22,083 | |
Income Taxes Paid | - | $34,940 | |
Owner Withdrawals | - | $29,620 | |
= | $69,742 (a) | ||
÷ | |||
Principal Payments on Current Portion of Term Debt | + | $21,329 | |
Interest on Term Debt | + | $22,083 | |
Principle Payments Non-Farm | + | $750 | |
Current Portion of Capital Leases | + | 0 | |
= | $44,162 (b) | ||
Term Debt and Capital Lease Coverage Ratio | 1.579 | ||
$69,742 (a) ÷ $44,162(b) = 1.579 Term Debt & Capital Lease Coverage Ratio |
Term Debt & Capital Lease Coverage Ratio is
calculated as follows:
Net Farm Income from Operations
+ Miscellaneous Non-Farm Income
+ Off Farm Employment Income
+ Depreciation Expense
+ Interest on Term Debt
- Income Taxes Paid
- Owner Withdrawals
= (a)
÷
Principle payments on Current Portion of Term
Debt
+ Interest on Term Debt
+ Principal Payments Non-Farm
+ Current Portion of Capital Leases
= (b)
= Term Debt and Capital Lease Coverage Ratio
( a ÷ b )
Capital Replacement and Term Debt Repayment Margin
The capital replacement and term debt repayment margin is the amount of money remaining during a
typical year of business after all operating expenses, taxes, and owner withdrawals have been accounted
for. It is the cash generated by the farm business which is available for financing the purchase of capital
replacements such as machinery and equipment and making loan payments. It is used to evaluate the ability
of the farm to generate funds necessary to repay debts with maturity dates longer than one year and to
replace capital assets. It also enables users to evaluate the ability to acquire capital or service additional
debt and to evaluate the risk margin for capital replacement and debt service.
This measure assumes that the current year operating loan will be repaid in the current year as a result
of normal operations and not figured as a part of the measure for this year. Unpaid operating debt from
a prior year that is figured in the calculation should not include lines of credit and debt for livestock purchased
last year that will be sold this year (if that is part of the normal course of business).
This measure is a dollar amount (which may be positive or negative), so it is difficult to compare the
measure between farm businesses. The appropriate margin will vary from farm to farm depending on the
production and price variability associated with the enterprise(s), the degree of diversification for farm
and non-farm enterprises, and the financial and risk management abilities of the farmer. It is impossible to
establish one standard for all farm businesses.
A few things to remember:
- If the repayment schedules for large amounts of term debt have interest only periods in the
early years of amortization – frequently one to three years for the major construction of new
production facilities – the margin may be overstated.
- If revenues are not matched with the expenses incurred to create the revenues, the margin
may be greatly overstated or understated.
- The true economic relationship between “depreciation” and “cash payments for capital purchases”
must be recognized. Some farm businesses must spend an amount equal to or in
excess of the annual depreciation charge just to remain efficient and to keep buildings, machinery
and equipment up to current technological standards. Other farm businesses can enjoy
the tax deduction of depreciation – but need not replace – buildings, machinery, and equipment
except after long periods of extended use.
- The liquidation or build-up of inventories can make the interpretation of this measure incorrect in the short run because net farm income from operations is calculated using an accrual- adjusted income statement. There may or may not be sufficient cash available to make payment(s) on a timely bases, due to changes in inventories. Thus, this measure should be used in conjunction with a projected cash flow statement.
Sample Inputs | My Farm | ||
---|---|---|---|
Net Farm Income from Operations | 53,566 | ||
Miscellaneous Non-Farm Income | + | 150 | |
Off Farm Employment Income | + | 16,500 | |
Depreciation Expense | + | 42,003 | |
Income taxes paid | - | 34,940 | |
Owner withdrawals | - | 29,620 | |
Principal Payments on Current Portion of Term Debt | - | 21,329 | |
Principal Payment – Non-farm | - | 750 | |
Capital Replacement & Term Debt Replacement Margin | = | $25,580 |
The stability of non-farm income can affect the reliability
of this margin for future planning.
Capital Replacement & Term Debt Replacement Margin is calculated as follows:
Net Farm Income from Operations
+ Miscellaneous Non-Farm Income
+ Off Farm Employment Income
+ Depreciation expense
- Income taxes paid
- Owner withdrawals
- Principle payments on Current portion of Term
Debt
- Principle Payment - Non-Farm
= Capital Replacement & Term Debt Replacement
Margin
References
Farm Financial Standards Council, Financial Guidelines for Agricultural Producers. Revised 1997
Pork Checkoff at Work, Pork Production & Financial Standards, Teaching Curriculums & Resource Materials for the Pork Industry. CD ROM, 2000
Swan, M. Measures of Financial Position and Performance, Unpublished curriculum for National Pork Board.